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Title:
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Mushroom emergence detected by combining spore trapping with molecular techniques
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Author:
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Castaño Soler, Carles; Oliva Palau, Jonàs; Martínez de Aragón, Juan; Alday, Josu G.; Parladé Izquierdo, Xavier; Pera i Álvarez, Joan; Bonet Lledos, José Antonio
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Notes:
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ABSTRACT Obtaining reliable and representative mushroom production data requires
time-consuming sampling schemes. In this paper, we assessed a simple methodology
to detect mushroom emergence by trapping the fungal spores of the fruiting
body community in plots where mushroom production was determined weekly.
We compared the performance of filter paper traps with that of funnel traps and
combined these spore trapping methods with species-specific quantitative real-time
PCR and Illumina MiSeq to determine the spore abundance. Significantly more MiSeq
proportional reads were generated for both ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungal
species using filter traps than were obtained using funnel traps. The spores of 37
fungal species that produced fruiting bodies in the study plots were identified.
Spore community composition changed considerably over time due to the emergence
of ephemeral fruiting bodies and rapid spore deposition (lasting from 1 to 2
weeks), which occurred in the absence of rainfall events. For many species, the
emergence of epigeous fruiting bodies was followed by a peak in the relative
abundance of their airborne spores. There were significant positive relationships
between fruiting body yields and spore abundance in time for five of seven fungal
species. There was no relationship between fruiting body yields and their
spore abundance at plot level, indicating that some of the spores captured in
each plot were arriving from the surrounding areas. Differences in fungal detection
capacity by spore trapping may indicate different dispersal ability between
fungal species. Further research can help to identify the spore rain patterns for
most common fungal species.
IMPORTANCE Mushroom monitoring represents a serious challenge in economic
and logistical terms because sampling approaches demand extensive field work
at both the spatial and temporal scales. In addition, the identification of fungal
taxa depends on the expertise of experienced fungal taxonomists. Similarly, the
study of fungal dispersal has been constrained by technological limitations, especially
because the morphological identification of spores is a challenging and
time-consuming task. Here, we demonstrate that spores from ectomycorrhizal
and saprotrophic fungal species can be identified using simple spore traps together
with either MiSeq fungus-specific amplicon sequencing or species-specific
quantitative real-time PCR. In addition, the proposed methodology can be used
to characterize the airborne fungal community and to detect mushroom emergence
in forest ecosystems.
We are very grateful to the PNIN of Poblet for supporting the process of installing and maintaining the experimental plots. We also thank Katarina Ihrmark and Johanna Boberg for providing the protocol and for advice on how to process and analyze the spore trap samples. We thank Josep Miró and Francesc Bolaño for their assistance with collecting the spore trap and fruiting body samples. We thank Caroline Woods for linguistic revision and for helping to clarify the manuscript. This work was supported by an STSM grant from COST Action FP1203 and by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) through the projects MICOGEST AGL2012-40035-C03 and MYCOSYSTEMS AGL2015-66001-C3. Carles Castaño received the support of the Secretaria d’Universitats i Recerca del Departament d’Economia i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya through the program of Doctorats Industrials. José Antonio Bonet is supported by the Serra-Hunter fellowship, and Josu G. Alday is supported by the Juan de la Cierva fellowship (IJCI-2014-21393). The funders had no role in the study design, data collection, and interpretation, or in the decision to submit the work for publication. |
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Subject(s):
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-Propagules
-Ectomycorrhizal
-Saprotroph
-DNA barcoding
-Molecular identification
-Dispersion
-Fungi
-Lactarius |
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Rights:
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(c) American Society for Microbiology, 2017
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Document type:
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article
acceptedVersion |
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Published by:
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American Society for Microbiology
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