Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations are limited to relatively low-Reynolds numbers. Therefore, dynamically less complex mathematical formulations are necessary for coarse-grain simulations. Regularization and eddy-viscosity models for Large-Eddy Simulation are examples thereof. They rely on differential operators that should be able to capture well different flow configurations (laminar and 2D flows, near-wall behavior, transitional regime...). Most of them are based on the combination of invariants of a symmetric second-order tensor that is derived from the gradient of the resolved velocity field. In the present work, they are presented in a framework where all the models are represented as a combination of elements of a 5D phase space of invariants. In this way, new models can be constructed by imposing appropriate restrictions in this space. Moreover, since the discretization errors may play an important role, a novel approach to discretize the viscous term with spatially varying eddy-viscosity is used. It is based on basic operators; therefore, the implementation is straightforward even for staggered formulations. The performance of the proposed methods will be assessed by means of direct comparison to DNS reference results.

Peer Reviewed