It is well known that speakers rely on prosodic and gestural features at the time of producing and understanding verbal irony. Yet little research has examined (a) how gestures manifest themselves in spontaneous speech, both during and after ironic utterances; and (b) how the presence of the so-called ‘gestural codas’ (audiovisual cues produced after the ironic utterance) influences irony detection. In Experiment 1, spontaneously produced verbal irony utterances generated between pairs of friends in conversational dyads were analyzed for semantic, prosodic and visual contrasts. Results show that ironic utterances contrast with immediately preceding non-ironic utterances, both in terms of prosody and gesture. Experiment 2 tested the contribution of the presence vs. absence of such ‘gestural codas’ to the perception of verbal irony. An irony rating task was conducted in which participants were audiovisually presented with a set of ambiguous discourse contexts followed by a set of matching ironic and non-ironic utterances presented in two conditions, namely without coda and with coda. Results show that subjects detected the speaker's ironic intent significantly better when post-utterance codas were present (88%) than when they were not (56%), thus confirming the hypothesis that visual information produced after ironic sentences is a key factor in the identification of the speaker's ironic intent.

Parts of this paper were presented at UR-Ling Workshop 2014 (Barcelona 13 May 2014) and From Sound to Gesture (S2G) Conference (Padova 21–23 May 2014). We are grateful to the audience at these conferences for their helpful comments and discussion. We are also grateful to Joan Borràs-Comes, Núria Esteve-Gibert and Alfonso Igualada, the three independent coders that participated in the interreliability task. This research has been funded by two research grants awarded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (BFU2012-31995 “Gestures, prosody and linguistic structure” and FFI2012-31785 “Semántica procedimental y contenido explícito III”), and by a grant awarded by the Generalitat de Catalunya (2014SGR-925) to the Prosodic Studies Group. Also, the research work of the first author is funded by the FPU2012/05893 grant (awarded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness).