In addition to the two languages essentially involved in translation, that of the source text (L1) and that of the target text (L2), we propose a third language (L3) to refer to any other language(s) found in the text. L3 may appear in the source text (ST) or the target text (TT), actually appearing more frequently in/nSTs in our case studies. We present a range of combinations for the convergence and divergence of L1, L2 and L3, for the case of feature films and their translations using examples from dubbed and subtitled versions of films, but we are hopeful that our tentative conclusions may be relevant to other modalities of translation, audiovisual and otherwise. When L3 appears in an audiovisual ST,/nwe find a variety of solutions whereby L3 is deleted from or adapted to the TT./nIn the latter case, L3 might be rendered in a number of ways, depending on factors such as the audience’s familiarity with L3, and the possibility that L3 in/nthe ST is an invented language.

Patrick Zabalbeascoa contributed as part of the research project The Translation of Fictional Dialogue (TRADIF is its acronym), ref. FFI2010-16783 (FILO-2010-2013),/nfinanced by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation.