Quinoa panicles contribute to carbon assimilation and are more tolerant to salt stress than leaves

Abstract

Contribution of inflorescences to seed filling have attracted great attention given the resilience of this photosynthetic organ to stressful conditions. However, studies have been almost exclusively focused to small grain cereals. In this study, we aimed to explore these responses in quinoa, as a climate resilient seed crop of elevated economic and nutritious potential. We compared the physiological and metabolic performance of panicles and leaves of two quinoa cultivars growing under contrasting salinity levels. Plant growth, photosynthetic and transpiratory gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence were monitored in inflorescences and leaves throughout the experiment. At flowering stage, young and mature leaves and panicles were sampled for key metabolic markers related to carbon, nitrogen and secondary metabolisms. When subjected to salt stress, panicles showed attenuated declines on photosynthesis, water use, pigments, amino acids, and protein levels as compared to leaves. In fact, the assimilation rates, together with a high hexose content evidenced an active photosynthetic role of the panicle under optimal and salt stress conditions. Moreover, we also found significant genotypic variability for physiological and metabolic traits of panicles and leaves, which emphasizes the study of genotype-dependent stress responses at the whole plant level. We conclude that quinoa panicles are less affected by salt stress than leaves, which encourages further research and exploitation of this organ for crop improvement and stress resilience considering the high natural diversity.

This work was supported by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia through the R&D Unit , DOI 10.54499/UIDB/04551/2020 and DOI 10.54499/UIDP/04551/2020 (GREEN-IT - Bioresources for Sustainability) and the LS4FUTURE Associated Laboratory ( LA/P/0087/2020 ). R.V. and O.V. acknowledge the support of FCT through the Programmes “Concurso de Estímulo ao Emprego Científico Institucional” ( CEECINST/00102/2018/CP1567/CT0039 ) and “Concurso de Estímulo ao Emprego Científico Individual” ( 2022.07839.CEECIND/CP1725/CT0022 ), respectively.