This study analyses the impacts that energy efficiency has on low-income households; to what degree energy efficiency policies should specifically target low-income households; and in which circumstances they should be combined with social policies addressing energy consumption in low-income households. The study aims to support a balanced debate on policy options to fight energy poverty, in particular in the context of the revision of the Energy Efficiency Directive (EED) and the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD). This study was prepared by Policy Department A at the request of the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy Committee (ITRE).