A comparative study of zero emission technologies for freight transport in Europe

Abstract

This thesis evaluates and compares the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of diesel, battery electric (BEV), and hydrogen fuel cell (FCEV) trucks for long-haul logistics in the Netherlands. It aims to identify which technology offers the most viable path toward decarbonisation under current and future conditions. A case study based on a 500 km milkrun is used to represent a typical logistics route, and the analysis considers a range of cost components including vehicle purchase, energy use, maintenance, infrastructure, downtime, and policy impacts. The approach models both present-day and projected 2030 scenarios, incorporating expected changes in technology costs, energy prices, and infrastructure developments. The assessment also considers the broader context of the European hydrogen market and policy environment, which influence fuel availability and long-term feasibility. Findings show that diesel remains the cheapest option in the short term, but battery electric trucks become the most cost-effective by 2030. Hydrogen fuel cell trucks see significant improvement but remain less competitive than BEVs. Policy measures such as environmental penalties and incentives play a key role in shaping cost outcomes. The study concludes that BEVs are the most promising zero-emission solution for long-haul logistics in the Netherlands by 2030, while hydrogen may serve as a complementary option for specific use cases. The results offer practical guidance for decision-makers involved in fleet planning, infrastructure development, and transport policy.