Fundamental mechanics for a phase A (preliminary analysis) of space missions

Abstract

This project will outline the theoretical foundations and computational tools for designing a Phase-A space mission. Phase A of a space mission serves as the foundational stage for its development. During this phase, various potential approaches and solutions are explored and presented through graphs and tables. This stage is not about delivering a final concrete result but rather about outlining possibilities within the context of the mission's objectives. While this document is inherently a technical project, it begins with historical context for each concept that supports the development of the core objectives. The mechanics have been designed using the Lagrangian formalism, considering the perturbations caused by the Earth's flattening in the gravitational field. A brief study of the environment in which the satellite will operate, specifically the ionosphere, and the perturbative forces exerted by this environment is included. The selection of the specific atmospheric layer, i.e., the altitude of the satellite, enables an analysis of its average composition and the subsequent impact on the satellite's materials. Given that the satellite operates in a low Earth orbit, particularly a SunSynchronous Orbit (SSO), this analysis is critical. Additionally, the effects of solar radiation pressure are examined. An orbital analysis and ground track evaluation have been conducted with reference to a Sun-Synchronous Orbit (SSO). In this framework, the azimuthal angle of launch is analyzed under the assumption that the Earth is stationary, and primary launch errors are identified, presuming the satellite directly enters its orbit without the need for an intermediate orbit. The ground track and its angle relative to the orbit are also studied, which is essential, particularly if the satellite is intended for Earth observation purposes. In the annexes, the scripts for the figures and some additional supplementary materials are provided. These annexes include calculations or illustrations explicitly detailed where necessary due to their length and relevance to the work.