Optimal selection of monitoring sites in cities for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance in sewage networks

Abstract

Selecting sampling points to monitor traces of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage at the intra-urban scale is no trivial task given the complexity of the networks and the multiple technical, economic and socio-environmental constraints involved. This paper proposes two algorithms for the automatic selection of sampling locations in sewage networks. The first algorithm, is for the optimal selection of a predefined number of sampling locations ensuring maximum coverage of inhabitants and minimum overlapping amongst selected sites (static approach). The second is for establishing a strategy of iterations of sample&analysis to identify patient zero and hot spots of COVID-19 infected inhabitants in cities (dynamic approach). The algorithms are based on graph-theory and are coupled to a greedy optimization algorithm. The usefulness of the algorithms is illustrated in the case study of Girona (NE Iberian Peninsula, 148,504 inhabitants). The results show that the algorithms are able to automatically propose locations for a given number of stations. In the case of Girona, always covering more than 60% of the manholes and with less than 3% of them overlapping amongst stations. Deploying 5, 6 or 7 stations results in more than 80% coverage in manholes and more than 85% of the inhabitants. For the dynamic sensor placement, we demonstrate that assigning infection probabilities to each manhole as a function of the number of inhabitants connected reduces the number of iterations required to detect the zero patient and the hot spot areas

Lluís Corominas acknowledges the Ministry of Economy and competitiveness for the Ramon and Cajal grant (RYC-2013-14595) and its corresponding I3 consolidation. The authors acknowledge the project VirWASTE (2020PANDE00044) funded by AGAUR. The authors acknowledge the CLEaN-TOUR (CTM2017-85385-C2-1-R) and INVEST (RTI2018-097471-B-C21) projects from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and thank Generalitat de Catalu-nya through Consolidated Research Group 2017 SGR 1318. ICRA researchers thank funding from the CERCA program. UdG researchers thank funding from Red tem´atica Go2Edge (Ref.: RED2018-102585-T) and Ajut PontUdG2020/ 23